Archival Aerobics: Jogging the Institutional Memory
by Gregory Sanford[1]
In July 1777 a powerful
British army swept along Lake Champlain, brushing aside American troops at Ft.
Ticonderoga, NY and at Hubbardton in what is now Vermont. New York and New Hampshire claimed Vermont,
unsettling the land titles of settlers. Within the disputed area different
factions sought to impose their views of government through force and
terror. In July, amidst this maelstrom,
town delegates crafted a radical constitution not only creating Vermont, but
also setting out as fundamental principles a range of civil liberties. Freedom of expression, trial by jury and the
right to both observe and instruct elected officials were among those
enumerated liberties.
The government established
by that constitution then proceeded to enact laws banishing those deemed
enemies of the state, seizing and selling their property, and establishing
penalties for anyone who defamed public officials.
How do we balance our commitment
to the fundamental principles underlying our state and national governments
with demands that those governments secure us from external and internal
threats? That societal tension is as
familiar to us as it was to 18th Century New Englanders. It is a continuing issue.
Archivists define their role
as identifying, preserving and keeping accessible records of continuing
value. "Continuing value" is
not a particularly felicitous phrase.
It neither captures the imagination of our parent institutions, nor
stirs the breasts of the general public.
To identify archival records
we have developed appraisal tools build upon hierarchies of values. Yet appraisal is also a difficult concept to
convey to institutional and general audiences.
Our professional language and descriptive tools may, at times, even
obscure the broad narratives held within our vaults; narratives that can inform
our public dialogues and social actions.
The Vermont State Archives is seeking to wed the
archival concept of continuing value with the idea that there are continuing
issues; issues that each generation has had to address within its own social
expectations and fiscal realities. As a
society we have always grappled with economic development, taxation, education,
public health, crime and punishment, and the tensions between the "freedom
to" and the "freedom from."
Such issues are, unlike archival concepts, broadly understood.
The Archives "continuing
issues" effort derives from several observed realities. As noted, archival concepts and terminology
are often difficult to communicate outside the profession. Within state government, archival
management, when thought of at all, is perceived as a historical, rather than
an institutional, function, while the Archives is seen as a preserve for
historians. This is not helpful in
attracting institutional support, particularly in times of economic stress.
Vermont has a citizen
legislature, with the 180 representatives and senators meeting for
approximately five months every year.
Staff support is limited (the Legislative Council consists of a dozen
attorneys to draft bills and conduct studies), legislators do not have offices,
and background on issues is provided by agency personnel, lobbyists and
citizens.
Legislators and public
officials have neither the training, time or inclination to conduct their own
archival research, no matter how good or widely distributed our finding
aids. The challenge is to break this
barrier of misperception and under-utilization to reassert the importance of
the Archives institutional role.
Approximately fifteen years ago the Archives began to aggressively
alert officials and reporters of the existence of records germane to a current
issue. We also converted our statutorily mandated publication program, the
State Papers of Vermont series, from annotated compilations of 18th
century documents into guides for continuing issues of institutional interest.[2]
The Internet transformed our
efforts, moving us beyond unsolicited, idiosyncratic contacts with officials to
broadly reach non-traditional audiences inside and outside state
government. The Archives Web site
(http://vermont-archives.org/) is organized around continuing issues, including
a section of that name. We can now not
only present key institutional information, but also, as state buildings gained
Internet connections, we can deliver that information directly to all three
branches of government.
Our first Web-based
continuing issue stemmed from extensive public dialogue over the value of
contested primaries (the continuing issue of candidate selection). We posted a particularly rich document from
the 1914 direct primary debate and linked it to our history of statewide
elections. The document's pro/con
format foreshadowed the current discussion of the intent and actual practice of
the primary. Reporters began to use the
primary material as background in their reports.
The 2000 debate over civil
unions, extending marriage-like benefits to gay and lesbian couples, raised myriad
continuing issues. In response we put up summaries on the history of
impeachment (linked to a resolution calling for the impeachment of the Supreme
Court justices whose interpretation of the common benefits clause led to civil
unions) and on referenda (linked to calls for a referendum, rather than
legislation, on civil unions). We
continue to add new issues as time and resources allow.
Civil unions helped clarify
our goals. We did not present marriage
as a continuing issue. Rather we
focused on institutional procedural issues associated with civil unions. What is the impeachment process and how have
we employed it? When have we resorted
to referenda and how did we avoid constitutional strictures against delegating
legislative authority? This not only
buffered us from the highly emotive and divisive debate over marriage, but also
anchored our role as a source of institutional memory.[3]
We continue to tweak how we
present a continuing issue. In the
first case we simply re-keyed and posted a 1914 legislative document. For the impeachment and referenda sections
we combined overviews with brief histories of each occurrence. We did so, in part, because of our observation
that public officials wanted summaries and were unlikely, as noted, to sift through
source documents, even when offered on-line.
Our most recent efforts, histories of the veto and of judicial review,
provide summaries and links to the source documents. We therefore have reintegrated records back into the conceptual
overviews.
Continuing issues is labor
intensive and, to a degree, we have created expectations that are hard to
sustain. Conversely, continuing issues,
by their nature, recur. Two years ago
the presence of three credible gubernatorial candidates raised the possibility
that none would receive a majority, as required for election under the Vermont
Constitution. We posted a history of elections without majority winners. This year there are again three credible
candidates and we can direct inquiries to the Web site.[4]
Though benefits are somewhat
anecdotal, there is a noticeable change in how our institutional role is
perceived. For the last two biennia we
have been asked to participate in the orientation of new legislators.[5] We are sought out for either records or legislative
testimony on the history of issues or procedures. The speaker of the house, among others, has recommended issues
for our treatment.[6] The press routinely seeks us out for
background on stories. Vermont's
education communities have become interested and we are working with them to
develop continuing issues into dialectic teaching tools that support state
social studies criteria. We have also
adapted various continuing issues to public presentations, enhancing the
visibility of the Archives and how its records support public dialogues.[7]
Does "continuing
issues" distract from the record-centered focus of archival
management? We believe it harks back to
a traditional role of the Vermont State Archives. Vermont's founders were clear on the institutional role of a
state archives; it was to preserve evidence of key government actions. In 1782, for example, the legislature
charged the secretary of state with preserving and keeping accessible such
evidentiary records as original acts of the legislature, land grant charters,
etc.
The passing of the Revolutionary generation ended reliance on personal memories of the intent of government actions, broadening the role of the archives as government's institutional memory. Vermont Secretary of State William Slade recognized this transition and began publishing, as well as preserving, archival records. In the introduction to his 1823 volume of state papers Slade wrote:
The general diffusion of intelligence constitutes
the life of a free government . . . The whole science of government consists in
a knowledge of the practical operation
of principles . . .[Political] institutions, therefore--their origin, their
nature, their practical operation, and their whole history, should be studied,
and understood . . . Without the possession of such a history, and a practical
regard to the lessons it inculcates,
legislation will be, at best, but a succession of experiments, and, as a necessary consequence, every action of
government will be characterized with instability and want of wisdom"[8]
Slade went on to explain the need to place that history "within the reach of the people." He fulfilled this vision by publishing selected documents. Over time, however, Slade's original goal of making the "practical operations" of government accessible was lost and the state papers series focused exclusively upon publishing annotated versions of 18th century documents. Over time an increasingly professional staff concentrated on archival description, though improved finding aids failed to attract institutional use. Making continuing issues available as an on-line resource restores Slade's archival vision and enhances understanding of the archival role.
[1] Gregory Sanford is Vermont State Archivist, a position he has held since 1982. He received the 2002 New England Archivists' Distinguished Service Award and the Vermont State Archives continuing issues section received the SAA's 2002 Hamer-Kegan Award for increasing public awareness of manuscripts and archives through publication. This is the first time the Hamer-Kegan Award has been accorded a Web publication. This paper was originally published in the New England Archivist Newsletter, October 2002.
[2] Volume 19 of the series was an index to municipal acts and charters; Volume 21 provided a history of statewide elections; and Volume 22 offered an index to legislative reports within the house and senate journals. The General Assembly: A Potpourri was published outside the series and provided a history of legislative committees, lists of legislative leaders over time, and a list of gubernatorial vetoes. The General Assembly expanded upon the municipal charter index and now incorporates charter information as part of the Vermont Statutes Annotated (as an appendix to Title 24 ).
[3] How to select a continuing issue needs to be developed further. Time, previous research (from our reference files, for example), and availability of quality records all play a role. By their nature continuing issues are based on a current debate of wide public interest. Therefore there is the risk of offending one or more sides of that debate if it is perceived we are supporting a position. Though a legal history of marriage or gay and lesbian rights would have been of interest, they also would have been more labor intensive within the time allotted and, given the high emotions surrounding the debate, ran the risk of attracting negative attention. Since we wanted to serve the legislators by giving them information on specific proposals before them--impeachment, referenda--we selected those issues for presentation.
[4] The site was recently used by the Legislative Council to determine previous legislative procedures in such cases. We also received inquiries from Mississippi, which has a similar provision, but which never needed to exercise it until a couple of years ago.
[5] See, for example, our talk at the 2000 orientation at: http://vermont-archives.org/talks/orient.html.
[6] The Speaker, the chief of the Vermont Associated Press Bureau, and a senior legislator wrote letters in support of the nomination of the continuing issues Web site for the Hamer-Kegan Award. Their support suggests the broadening awareness of Archives' as a resource.
[7] This year, to mark the 225th anniversary of the 1777 Constitution we combined an exhibit with a series of events at which participants were turned into "delegates" to the 1777 convention and asked to debate and vote upon proposals of amendments to the original Constitution. This allowed participants to understand the continuing value of constitutionally identified fundamental principles and moved the 1777 Constitution from artifact to living document. This broadens understanding of the concept of "continuing value."